Syrian social nationalist party

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Though unlicensed, the party is tolerated by the Assad regime. The party branch in Syria subsequently split into several factions. On May 2, , it joined the larger Coalition for Peaceful Change Forces with other loyalist opposition groups. Haidar ran in the parliamentary elections of May 7 as a candidate of the Popular Front for Change and Liberation, even though it is composed of unlicensed parties, and won a seat.

Downtown Beirut, P. Box Riad El Solh, Lebanon. In an increasingly crowded, chaotic, and contested world and marketplace of ideas, the Malcolm H. The boundaries of the historic environment in which the Syrian nation evolved went much beyond the scope usually ascribed to Syria, extending from the Taurus range in the north-east and the Zagros mountains in the north-west to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the south and includes the Sinai peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba , and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west, including the island of Cyprus , to the arch of the Arabian desert and the Persian Gulf in the east.

Greater Syria corresponds to the Mesopotamian basin of Bilad al-Sham before it was arbitrarily dissected by the colonial powers. According to Saadeh, geographical factors play an important role in setting the parameters for the process of association and thus for the establishment of a nation.

He held that the process of human evolution from hunter-gatherer to settled agriculture was among the most important factors that led to the creation of private property and the class system. Saadeh highlighted the role that the class system played in the flourishing of trade and commerce and the creation of wealth, ascribing it to be a characteristic of the Semitic peoples , namely the coastal Phoenicians.

He also stressed the link between the economic modes of production and the establishment of cultural norms and values, a view he shared with Karl Marx. However, Saadeh believed that while the economic modes of production can create culture, culture acquires a life of its own with time and eventually becomes embedded and perpetuated in its people, who come to recognize themselves as a living organism.

Hence comes the importance of the state in serving the interest of the nation, and of national democracy as the legitimate source of political legislation. The party espouses the idea that the fundamental basis of nation is the territory or geographical region, not the ethnical bond. The natural environment and geographical specifications of a certain land is what eventually allows, or disallows, its transition from a socio-economic phase to another.

These natural geographical factors hence create the societal framework in which man establishes his existence, beliefs, habits, and value systems. Saadeh's critique of ethnic nationalisms led him to hence develop a framework of geographical nationalism, the idea of the "natural homeland". When he applied this model to the case of the Fertile Crescent, the conclusion he reached was straightforward: the natural geographical factors of the basin lying east of the Mediterranean is what has allowed it to become the cradle of civilizations , what has driven throughout the course of human history movements seeking to unify it, what has allowed it to establish, through ethnic, religious and cultural assimilation and mixing, a high culture and civilization, and what has made it the prize coveted by all imperialist powers.

Saadeh advocated for all ethnoreligious groups to consider themselves as descendants of the pre-Christian era empires of Babylon and Assyria , of the Hittites and the kings of Aram , then of the Islamic empires , all the way up until the present. Saadeh claimed that the renaissance of the Syrian nation is inevitably linked to the purge of these "decadent" forces through the reinforcing of national solidarity, resistance against colonialism, and adoption of secularism.

In Saadeh's vision of "harmony" among the country's ethnic and religious communities through a return to a so-called Syrian "racial unity" which was itself in fact a mixture of races, neither Islam nor pan-Arabism was important, and therefore religion wasn't either. This led him also to conclude that the Arabs could not form one nation, but many nations could be called Arab. The SSNP's Greater Syria ideal posed a problem for all of the existing nationalist movements because of its clear departure from Arab nationalist and Islamic undertones, and its inextricable link with what the party leader defined as "the Syrian people", Greater Syria being its natural homeland.

The notion of a Syrian people is the cornerstone of the SSNP, and is defined according to the Party as the people inhabiting the Fertile Crescent, whose culture and socio-economic conditions have been a direct consequence of its own interaction with the natural environment. The Syrian people, according to the Party's founder, is a cultural and socio-economic body of people hailing from a very heterogeneous background, but whose social mixing and assimilation over time within the Levantine basin has allowed for the emergence of a high settled civilization and for the extension of this people over the entirety of Natural Syria.

In a clear departure from ethnic , racial and religious understandings of a nation, the Syrian people is a "mixture of races generated by migrations and intermarriages", its social life and cohesion having been shaped and determined by the environment and geography in which it developed.

Hence the SSNP rejects racial notions of nationalism, Saadeh himself having ridiculed European racial doctrines in the opening chapters of the Genesis of Nations. The attitude of the party and its founder towards minority separatism and movements calling for ethnically-separate homelands was one of outright hostility.

Saadeh was also hostile to all religiously-motivated political movements, or movements that did not call for the separation between Church or Mosque and State. Thus he called Wahhabism and Islamism a "return to the desert", a "dry ideology of Arabian tribes" that had no commonalities with the high civilization of the Fertile Crescent.

The incoming Jewish migrants to Southern Syria Palestine and the Jewish communities were criticized for their "foreign and racial loyalties", their unwillingness to assimilate, and their active willingness to create an ethnically Jewish state in Palestine, with Saadeh deeming the Jews as the community unable and unwilling to assimilate, and having criticized the notion that Jewishness can be a cornerstone for a nation-state.

For the SSNP, the Jews do not constitute a nation as they are a heterogeneous mixture of peoples in a similar sense that Muslims and Christians do not constitute a nation. In what relates to the Arab—Israeli conflict, the party has since its establishment adopted a hard-lined anti-Zionist stance, while retaining its belief that a secular and democratic state in Palestine is the only proper solution to the conflict. The societal cohesion of the Syrian people and its ability to properly assimilate newcomers, minorities, and migrations, is essential to its survival to its progress, and any movement that seeks to assert ethnic, religious, or racial separatism within the Syrian homeland is one that ought to be met with outright hostility.

The answer to these threats, according to the Party, lay in the rebirth of the Syrian people, the Renaissance. The Syrian people, as outlined above, is, according to Saadeh, among the first people to have historically moved from the tribal phase into the settled agricultural phase and towards the establishment of private property and social classes. This first transition allowed the Syrian people to prosper exponentially and to excel in most of the crafts of the ancient world. Saadeh and the party espoused the belief that a new transition has to take place, a transition to the modern age , which ought to have two prerequisites: the secular unity of the Syrian people and its renaissance.

The unity of the Syrian people firstly implies debarring the clergy from interfering in state affairs, and enacting a full separation between Church-Mosque and State. This would inevitably allow the Syrian people to regain its unity and social cohesion. The second task of the party is to work towards the Renaissance, which the party leader described as being a dynamic undertaking that would shatter what he described as the old regime. The Renaissance ideal, which Saadeh traces back to the ingenuity of the first Syrians — the Assyrians and the Phoenicians, among others, lies in the mastery of the Syrian people over the sciences and the crafts, which he eulogizes in The Genesis of Nations while attacking what he deemed as the antiquated notions of religious fatalism.

In order to regain its mastery over the crafts and over its own destiny, Saadeh underlines the need for intellectualism , education, and the pursuit of knowledge as cornerstones of the future Syrian society, a notion he summarizes in his famous quote, "Society is knowledge, and knowledge is power". While the Renaissance is underlined as a romanticized notion of spiritual, intellectual, and patriotic elevation, the SSNP elaborated a simple yet straightforward doctrine pertaining to how the Syrian People ought to organize itself once the Renaissance has begun, albeit the fact that Saadeh had not developed the idea completely.

The first of these principles is the abolition of feudalism and of the rule of the traditional notables and landowners , which the Party deems responsible for the "desolate state of things to which the country had gotten to", including maintaining educational levels at an all-time low and being instrumental in the loss of Palestine.

The second principle is " opposing capitalist tyranny ". Despite its belief in the necessity of private property, the SSNP declared defending workers' rights and establishing a framework that guarantees these rights as an inalienable right.

This is coupled with the need to establish mandatory education , universal healthcare , the nationalization of vital areas of the economy such as the production of raw materials, and a strong centralized state that is able to give economic directions. The third principle stated is combating communism. This remains a topic of debate, however, as the strongly pronounced nationalistic features of SSNP ideology would permit scholars [ who?

Perhaps one of the most striking features of the Party throughout its history is the zealous and the almost mystical devotion of its members to the notion of liberation war. In , it declared the "First Renaissance Revolution" against the Lebanese government, an armed confrontation with the Lebanese and Syrian security forces that ended in a disaster and the execution of Antun Saadeh by the Lebanese authorities on 8 July.

Not too long later, party members assassinated the Lebanese Prime Minister Riad al-Solh who was instrumental in Saadeh's death penalty. To avoid being caught, the assailants committed suicide. When one of the assailants survived and woke up in the hospital, he completed his suicide attempt by tearing up his wounds and falling from the bed.

The assassination of the general prosecutor who judged Saadeh was also conducted by a Party cell, and Party members are believed to have been involved in the assassination of Husni al-Zaim, the Syrian dictator who captured Saadeh and handed him over to the Lebanese authorities. In , party member Habib al-Shartouni assassinated the Lebanese President Bachir Gemayel , seen as betraying the country in the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in Party member Sana'a Mehaidli , known as the first female suicide bomber , detonated herself in her car along with an Israeli convoy in south Lebanon.

Journalist Terry Glavin write in that it "lavishly indulges a habit of suicide-bombing and assassination" and runs "death squads on behalf of its patron Bashar Al-Assad , mostly in the vicinity of Homs and the suburbs of Damascus ".

The SSNP's ideology was an entirely secular form of nationalism; indeed, it posited the complete separation of religion and politics as one of the two fundamental conditions for real national unity, alongside economic and social reform. The SSNP was organised with a hierarchical structure and a powerful leader. It was designed by the SSNP students at the American University of Beirut while the party was still clandestine and before the French authorities had uncovered it in Saadeh stated the whirlwind was found engraved on ancient Syrian artifacts, and it is known from for example Sumerian art.

Each arm symbolizes one of the four virtues of the party's mission: freedom, duty, discipline and power. The Zawba'a allegedly represents the blood of the SSNP martyrs bound together as Muslims and Christians through freedom, duty, discipline and power as a hurricane to purge the Dark Ages and spark their nation's rejuvenation and renaissance. Critics and many scholars claim that the symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika [48] [49] [50] [60] [61] [62] a claim that the party denies.

Arab nationalist thinker Sati' al-Husri considered that Saadeh "misrepresented" Arab nationalism, incorrectly associating it with a Bedouin image of the Arab and with Muslim sectarianism. Palestinian historian Maher Charif sees Saadeh's theory as a response to the religious diversity of Syria, and points to his later extension of his vision of the Syrian nation to include Iraq, a country also noted for its religious diversity, as further evidence for this.

From onward, the party adopted a more nuanced stance regarding Arab nationalism, seeing Syrian unity as a potential first step towards an Arab union led by Syria. Lebanese historian Kamal Salibi gives a somewhat contrasting interpretation, pointing to the position of the Greek Orthodox community as a large minority in both Syria and Lebanon for whom "the concept of pan-Syrianism was more meaningful than the concept of Arabism" while at the same time they resented Maronite dominance in Lebanon.

According to Salibi,. Saadeh found a ready following among his co-religionists. His idea of secular pan-Syrianism also proved attractive to many Druzes and Shiites; to Christians other than the Greek Orthodox, including some Maronites who were disaffected by both Lebanism and Arabism; and also to many Sunnite Muslims who set a high value on secularism, and who felt that they had far more in common with their fellow Syrians of whatever religion or denomination than with fellow Sunnite or Muslim Arabs elsewhere.

Here again, an idea of nationalism had emerged which had sufficient credit to make it valid. In the Lebanese context, however, it became ready cover for something more archaic, which was essentially Greek Orthodox particularism. Salibi remarks on the beginnings of Saadeh's party in the s: "[A]mong its first members were students and young graduates of the American University of Beirut.

The Lebanese authorities were able to suppress them without difficulty. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Syrian nationalist political party. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

Political party in Syria. Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Social nationalism [2] Syrian nationalism [3] Pan-Syrianism [4] Syrian irredentism Secularism Anti-Zionism Antisemitism alleged [5] Fascism alleged, [6] officially denied [2]. Politics of Syria Political parties Elections.

Politics of Lebanon Political parties Elections. Referring to Syria, Butrus al-Bustani adopted "Love of the Homeland is an article of Faith" as a slogan when he founded the periodical Al-Jinan in This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Lebanese Civil War. Main articles: Syrian occupation of Lebanon and March 8 Alliance.

See also: Eagles of the Whirlwind. ISBN Antun Saadeh declared It is not based on useless imitation, but is the result of an authentic invention. Economic East Economic Digest, Limited. April Arab Reform Initiative. Retrieved 16 August Retrieved 11 April Journal of Strategic Security. ISSN JSTOR OCLC Archived from the original on 8 May Retrieved 7 May Archived from the original on 12 April Foreign Policy. Retrieved 28 June The Genesis of Nations.

Translated and Reprinted. Dar Al-Fikr. Ithaca Press. L'Orient Today. The Atlantic. June Lewis 18 May The New York Times. Retrieved 17 February Suicide missions in the Palestinian area: a new database. The Sydney Morning Herald. The Age. The Hawkesbury Gazette. Archived from the original on 2 August Retrieved 12 May Daily Star Lebanon. Retrieved 16 May The Australian. Al-Akhbar in English.

Archived from the original on 2 October Retrieved 6 April Atlantic Monthly. Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane zawba'a , points to the party's fascistic origins. Harvard University Press.

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